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Carl Hovland
American psychologist (–)
Carl Iver Hovland (June 12, – April 16, ) was a psychologist working primarily at Yale University and for the US Army during World War II who studied attitude change and persuasion. He first reported the sleeper effect after studying the effects of the Frank Caprapropaganda filmWhy We Fight on soldiers in the Army.
In later studies on this subject, Hovland collaborated with Irving Janis who would later become famous for his theory of groupthink. Hovland also developed social judgment theory of attitude change. Carl Hovland thought that the ability of someone to resist persuasion by a certain group depended on your degree of belonging to the group.
Biography
Hovland was born in Chicago on June 12, [1] He originally intended to pursue a career in music until college, when he discovered psychology.[1] Before this discovery, during his high school years at Luther Institute in Chicago, he would meet a fellow piano student, Gertrude Raddatz.
He would later come to marry her in [2]
During Hovland’s initial purist of music, he would come to neglect his other classes that did not interest him as much, such as sports. Instead, an interest was toward music and science bloomed as Hovland became an excellent pianist.
Gert hovland biography examples wikipedia Suggest an edit. Kathie received a Wellesley B. New York: Wiley. Hovland was a master of the Socratic method.His love for the two merged with his promotion of his interests through a small shop he developed. [2]
Carl Hovland was recruited by Samuel Stouffer, a sociologist on leave from the University of Chicago, to contribute to their collaborative research efforts. Hovland had the responsibility of leading a team of fifteen researchers.[3][4]
Hovland was involved in a study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages.[4] The Yale Group's work was first described in Hovland's book Communication and Persuasion, published in [5]
With his life’s end approaching due to his cancer, his major interests in his last few years of life shifted from his verbal concept research to concept-formation.
He would approach this idea with computer simulations [SG3] of human thought process[2]
In his lifetime, Hovland was a member of the American Philosophical Society,[6] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[7] and the National Academy of Sciences.[8]
Contributions
Psychological research was Hovland's intellectual joy.
Especially in his early career, his investigations covered many topics.
His papers in psychological journals included a study of test reliability, a major review of the literature on apparent movement, as well as his four classical papers on conditioned generalization from his doctoral dissertation.[1]
Hovland began to emphasize micro-level analysis of propaganda and its effects. Hovland's army experiments were the beginnings of that micro-level analysis of an individual.
Hovland's "core conceptual variable was attitude".[9]
Hovland believed that if he was able to recognize the attitude an individual has towards a trigger, he would be able to predict the behavior and actions of an individual over time.[9] However, there were many studies that argued the contrary and showed that "an attitude toward a person or object does not predict or explain an individual's overt behavior regarding that person or object".[9] This revelation of low correlation did not necessarily render findings useless but instead led to further research on how under certain circumstances it was possible to change a person's behavior via their attitudes.
While Hovland focused on an individual rather than a group level, he began to take into consideration interpersonal communication in the form of persuasion. Specifically, Hovland was responsible for carrying out a series of studies that contributed to the "cumulative understanding of persuasion behavior that has never since been matched or even rivaled".[9]
To test and apply his theorization Hovland worked proposed the SMCR model.
The SMCR model consists of four components—source variables, message variables, channel variables, and receiver variables. By manipulating each of these variables, Hovland was able to advance his "message-learning approach to attitude change".
Biography examples for students Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. As events evolved they were using similar language in … recommending the same Carl Hovland … a very few years later" Miles, , p. In The Science of Human Communication , ed. Hovland was the most efficient and organized individual I have ever known.There were problems with his particular approach, however, in that by focusing on a single dimension of the SMCR model, Hovland was unable to do more than isolate a factor rather than study the synergy between the different variables.[9]
Death
Hovland died on April 16, [1] When Hovland learned that he had cancer, he continued to work with his Yale doctoral students and conduct persuasion experiments.
Finally, when he could work no more, he left his office in the Psychology Department, went to his home in New Haven, drew a bathtub full of water, and drowned himself.[10][full citation needed]
Notes
- ^ abcdSears, Robert R.
(December ). "Carl Iver Hovland: –". American Journal of Psychology. 74 (4): – JSTOR&#;
- ^ abcMiles, Walter R. (). "Carl Iver Hovland". Year Book - the American Philosophical Society: –
- ^Shepard, Roger N.
(). "Carl Iver Hovland, – a biographical memoir"(PDF). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- ^ abAronson, Elliot, Timothy D. Wilson, and Robin M. Akert.Gert hovland biography examples list The dissertations of Orbison and Freedman were each jointly supervised by Hovland and another faculty member; and, following Hovland's death, other Hovland students completed their dissertations with still other members of the Yale faculty. As part of an interdisciplinary group investigating the connection between frustration and aggression, Hovland and Robert Sears discovered a substantial negative correlation,. Up until college, when psychology became a major part of his life, he was looking into a musical career. On human curiosity: Daniel Berlyne
Social Psychology. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education,
- ^Hovland, Carl I., Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley. Communication and Persuation: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. New Haven: Yale UP,
- ^"APS Member History".
Gert hovland biography examples images: Transmission of information concerning concepts through positive and negative instances. Following Hovland's death, his attitude change program was characterized as ''the largest single contribution [to the field of social communication] any man has made Schramm, , p. During the few years left to him, he advised or collaborated with at least ten researchers in this increasingly active area. He didn't lavish praise but I knew I did well when the next task was more difficult than the one before.
. Retrieved
- ^"Carl Iver Hovland". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 9 February Retrieved
- ^"Carl Hovland".Gert hovland biography examples Experiments on Mass Communication. According to William A. It was in this way that Hovland was, in the words of Timothy Brock, a "visionary founder of subdisciplines" personal communication of May 20, Hovland's customary place.
. Retrieved
- ^ abcdeRogers, Everett (). A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach. NY: The Free Press.
- ^Schramm, in Rogers, Everett M. History Of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach.